Documentation of Social Netwroking Site Like ORKUT

Kindly clikc thye link bellow....

http://www.slideshare.net/AbhijeetKalsi/aurkut-a-social-networking-website

If Like This link then must comment and Pass my link to others student it will help others

OSI MODEL [Computer Networks]

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) was a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It is a way of sub-dividing a communications system into smaller parts called layers.The OSI Model is a model that illustrates how data communications should take place.

It segregates the process into seven group of Layers given above..........

1) Physical Layer : Physical Layer is responsible for transmitting row bit stream over the physical cable. The physical layer defines the hardware items such as cables, cards, voltages etc.

2) Data Link Layer : Data link layer is responsible for controlling the error between adjacent nodes and transfer the frames to other computer via physical layer. Data link layer is used by hubs and switches for their operation.

3) Network Layer : This layer is responsible for translating the logical network address and names into their physical address ( MAC address). This layer is also responsible for addressing, determining routes for sending and managing network problems such as packet switching, data congestion and routines

4) Transport Layer : This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivers of messages between the networked hosts. It first divides the streams of data into chunks or packets before transmission and then the receiving computer re-assembles the packets. It also guarantee error free data delivery without loss or duplications.Protocols found at this layer include TCP, UDP.

5) Session Layer : This layer is responsible for establishing the process-to-process communication between the host in the network. This layer is responsible for establishing and ending the sessions across the network. The interactive login is an example of services provided by this layer in which the connective are re-connected in care of any interruption

6) Presentation Layer : The Presentation layer is responsible for protocol conversion, Encryption and compression should be Presentation Layer functions. This layer makes the communications between two host possible.

7) Application Layer : The application layer provider different services to the application. Example of services provided by this layer are file transfer, electronic messaging e-mail, virtual terminal access and network management. This is the layer with which the user interacts.

At Last I would give You a Tip to Remember these 7 Layers.....

How to remember the layer of OSI model?

Ans: The easiest way to remember use the mnemonic

"All people seem To need Data Processing"

@Gaurav Kapoor [VSoftTechnologies]

SDLC- System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

SDLC is the process of developing information systems through investigation, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. SDLC is also known as information systems development or application development. It is also known as Waterfall Model.

The software development life cycle (SDLC) is the entire process of formal, logical steps taken to develop a software product. The phases of SDLC can vary somewhat but generally include the following

SDLC is a System Development Life Cycle or Software Development Life Cycle.SDLC is the process of software development. This is the simplest definition of SDLC. There are so many methodologies which are involved in SDLC. The important stages are project planning, requirement gathering/analysis, designing, coding, testing and maintenance.

The six stages of SDLC.

The stages of the SDLC are designed to depend on one another, taking the outputs from the previous stage, adding additional effort, and producing results that leverage the previous stage effort.

Planning

Planning stage is used to establish the basic project structure and plan, feasibility study such as economical, operational, and technical, quality assurance, and risks associated with the project, and describe appropriate management and technical approaches.

Requirement Analysis

The objective of requirement analysis is to determine where the problem is and how to fix it. This phase is also known as Feasibility study. This steps includes breaking down the system in different parts and drawing diagrams to analyze the situation, analyzing project goals, breaking down what needs to be created and attempting to appoint users so that definite requirements can be defined. The development team examines the need for possible software in the given system. At the end of the feasibility study, the team furnishes a document that holds the different specific recommendations for the candidate system.

Designing

In this phase of software development process, the overall software’s structure and layouts are designed. The design stage takes its initial inputs from the approved requirements document. In this phase, in terms of the client/server technology, the number of layers needed for the package architecture, the database design, the data structure design etc are all defined. Thus, an overall software development model is created. So, analysis and designing is very essential in the entire development cycle. The output of this stage describes the new system as a collection of modules.

Coding

The actual programming code is generated during this stage. If the design is performed in a detailed manner, code generation can be accomplished without much complication. Programming tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers etc are used to generate the code. Different high level programming languages such as C, C++, Pascal, Java, and PHP are used for coding. The programming language is chosen with respect to the type of application.

Testing

Once the coding is done, the software program testing begins. Different testing methodologies are available to fix the bugs that were committed during the previous phases. Different testing tools and methodologies are already available but some companies build their own testing tools that are tailor made for their own development operations.

Maintenance

The maintenance of software is an important aspect of SDLC. The software will definitely undergo change once it is delivered to the customer. Change could happen because of some unexpected input of values into the system/software or the changes in the system could directly affect the software operations. Sometimes new changes are implemented which requires the system updates.

The learning above has been from my readings on the web, and from the various reputed software companies in India. If you feel that I have missed anything, please feel free to share your feedbac

Computer Netwroks Media Guided & Unguided

Kindly Visit This Link

" http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap4/chap4.htm " click here

Types of Computer Networks

Computer networks are of many different types such as Personal area network (PAN), Local area network (LAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN), Campus area network (CAN) and Wide area network (WAN). The computer networks which are designed for personal use are known as PAN or personal area networks. A PAN network is typically on an area of 20 to 30 feet. When we need the facility of network to be used on a really small commercial area or in small computer labs, we prefer LAN. LANs are capable of higher data transfer within small geographical area. LAN usually operates at a speed of Giga Bit. CAN is larger network than LAN. CAN is usually established in university campus to establish a connection among different computer labs, library, registration office and different academic units. MAN is usually a middle way to LAN and WAN. It is established by the various interconnections between WAN and LAN. Man is spread over an area of around 5 to almost 50 km. MAN has many applications , it is most commonly used in banks, online reservation systems and in many military based services. If we make a complex network of many LANs we will end up making a wide area network. Wide area network is commonly known as internet. The applications and availability of internet can be now seen in every building of commercial or other nature.

What is LAN (Local Area Network)

LAN stands for Local Area Netowrk, LAN (Local Area Network) is a network which is established to meet the needs of small areas. It can be applied to home, offices, airports and in small college computer labs. The idea of developing LAN is to utilize the fast data transfer over a small geographical area. LAN (Local Area Network) was developed with a view to establish better interconnections within the individual computer units. LAN (Local Area Network) network is preferred due to its fast access and affordability. LAN (Local Area Network) is employed to build successful sophisticated network for data sharing

How LAN Works

Early LAN (Local Area Network) networks were formed using coaxial cable, coax is an electric cable and it is used to carry radio signals. LAN (Local Area Network) setup is developed by connecting two or more than two computers with each other using a physical connection in order to share files and data overtime. The basic application of this cable is to connect the radio transmitters with their antennas. However it is also used for developing internet connections and for distributing cable channels. Most common type of developing LAN (Local Area Network) network is the Ethernet. Ethernet is usually termed as a major data and physical link layer technology. Ethernet is often associated with the name of engineer Robert Metcalfe ( January 2011, he holds the position of Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of Innovation at The University of Texas at Austin). Ethernet today can give the maximum data rate of up to 100 Mbps. Ethernet has proved to be an effective way to serve as a data transfer medium for internet protocols. Usually Ethernet cables are extended to the length of 100 meters, but this is not the ultimate limit. Ethernet cables can be extended according to the need. When you decide to develop a LAN (Local Area Network), try to use the specialized software like the Microsoft windows. Microsoft widows provide special internet sharing features which help LAN (Local Area Network)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A large computer network which extends to a city or to a large university campus is termed as metropolitan area network or MAN. The purpose of MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is to provide the link to the internet in the long run. A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) usually incorporates a number of LANs to form a network. This large network MANs (Metropolitan Area Network) backbone comprises of an optical fiber set-up

How MAN works

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) usually falls between LAN and WAN. It is generally applied to connect geographically dispersed LANs. Therefore the goal of MAN is to develop a communication link between two independent LAN nodes. A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is usually established using optical fiber. The network is established using routers and switches. A switch is a port which is active in handling the filtration of data usually coming in the form of frames. Any switch acts as a dual port, at one end it is handling filtration of data and at the other end managing connections. Router is another device for facilitating the netwosrk connection. Router helps the data packets to identify the path to be taken. Hence in other words it keeps an eye on the data transfer. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is usually operated over an area of up to 50kms. when you establish metropolitan area network it offers you the speed of 1000mbps as a whole with the lowest cost involved

What is WAN

As the name symbolizes wide area network is a broad network whose communication is wider than the LAN, MAN and even CAN. The application of WAN (Wide Area Network) is not limited to a room, building or specific vicinity. The basic purpose of Wan is to maintain a number of LAN networks in order to increase the efficiency of the network. Different LAN networks are connected to establish a network which will enable the users of one location to communicate with the users present in the other location. Internet service providers usually help and guide to establish WAN (Wide Area Network) networks. However many large organizations develop their own private WAN's (Wide Area Network)s.WAN networks are established often by seeking help from telecomm departments who provide the facility of leased lines. Router is connected to the LAN at one side and a hub is attached at the other end. This is an expensive way of establishing WAN (Wide Area Network) network. WAN (Wide Area Network) networks are often established using circuit switching method. A circuit switching network is established when at the one end a node and on the other end a terminal is physically connected to each other for further communication. The most common physical network nodes are switches, hub and a modem. Whereas a terminal is a physical device that does the basic communication, for example like a telephone, call answering machine or a printer sometimes. The data travels through the use of network protocols. The protocols are the defined rules which guide the information transfer. The purpose of protocols is to detect the errors.

How WAN Works

If we develop a virtual switching network or packet switching network then we often need frame relays to transfer the data within a WAN (Wide Area Network). Frames are data packets which are transferred from one end to the other. There are many types of WAN (Wide Area Network) protocols like TCP/IP, MPLS, frame relays and ATM. Most of the WAN's (Wide Area Network) however use X.25 is a famous WAN protocol used for packet transfer. X.25 is established with the packet switching exchange, which are the physical nodes at one end and the leased telephones lines at the other end

Campus Area Network (CAN)

A campus area network known as (CAN) is used to inter-connect networks in limited geographical locality like university campus, military bases, or organizational campuses etc. It can be taken as the metropolitan network that has the specific settings at the small area just like a computer lab in the university. (Campus Area Network) area is no doubt larger than a local area network but it is still smaller then a wide area network. These networks are designed for the particular place that hits the highest point level. For example, multiple labs, multiple offices in the buildings etc. most of the time, this term is referred as the university campus but when it is used at organizational level, we call it corporate campus network.As we have discussed above it is smaller than a wide area network and multiple Local Area Network (LAN) combines in one organization or regions to make a Campus Area Network (CAN). Therefore, whenever some one tells you about the networks within the specific area, you can easily guess that it is campus network

How CAN (Campus Area Networks) Work, Uses of CAN
As we know that universities are the best example of this type of interconnection hence, different blocks of universities such as administrative office, educational departments, staff rooms, gymnasium, common room, hostels and conference halls when connected with each other combine to form the CAN (Campus Area Network). In most cases, corporate campuses are connected through the wireless communication mediums rather than cabling and wirings because they are more economical to use as compare to the long wiring and cabling. Organizations do follow this strategy because they always try to maintain the best outcome by investing less and with the wireless communication throughout their building offices, they can manage their budget that they may be spending on the wiring, hubs, switches etc. they can perform the same task by only connecting one or two devices at their main office and providing signals to other departments which they can use without any difficulty.

Campus Area networks (CAN) are economical, beneficial and easy to implement in the specific kilometers of locality. It is very helpful for the universities and other corporate organizations to work from any block and receive the same speed of data transfer

Personal Area Network - PAN

The communication network established for the purpose of connecting computer devices of personal use is known as the personal area network PAN (Personal Area Network).when a network is established by connecting phone lines to personal digital devices or PDAs (personal digital assistants), this communication is known as PAN (Personal Area Network). Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to introduce the idea of Personal Area Network (PAN) PAN networks often cover an area of 30 feet. Personal Computer devices may include palm tops mobile phones, potable media players, play stations and net books.It Mainly use as wireless. PANs (Personal Area Network)s are dependent on the Bluetooth or infrared technologies for the transmission of wireless signals.

Storage area network (SAN)

A network which is created by attaching storage devices such as disk arrays and tapes to a common server so that the storage devices appear to be confined to operating system is known as storage area network

How SAN Works

Data in SAN (Storage Area Network) can be stored using two basic modules as DAS (Direct Attached Storage) and NAS (Network Attached Storage). DAS is so named because it is a directly attached to a server without any intermediary network involved. Main distinguishing character of DAS (Direct Attached Storage) is its direct connectivity through a host bus adapter without the use of the networking devices as hubs, bridges and switches. In a network attached storage system, many independent clients can access the storage memory. The aim of the NAS (Network Attached Storage) is to provide only file based storage devices. DAS (Direct Attached Storage) can also provide multiple and parallel access if we equip this network with multiple ports. In the same way we can convert NAS (Network Attached Storage) to a DAS (Direct Attached Storage) by disconnecting the entire network and attach the port to a single computer. DAS (Direct Attached Storage) can be termed as an inefficient network because it cannot share its idle resources with other units in the network. DAS (Direct Attached Storage) and SAN (Storage Area Network) can overcome this deficiency but both these networks are costly and difficult to handle. Main DAS (Direct Attached Storage) protocols are SATA, SAS and fiber channel

Virtual Private Network - VPN

Our world is becoming a global village; this is due to the development in the communication world. This has also led to the expansion of the businesses across globe. Wide scale expansion of business in many parts of the world evolved the need for communication. Companies throughout the world instead of communicating with the regional offices focused their attention towards developing their own Virtual Private Networks or VPNs INTRANET is an example of this

How VPN Works

As compared to the other networks the architecture of this network is much simple. First step of establishing VPN (Virtual Private Network) is installation of client software. The modem of the user is connected to the firewall first and then it is connected to the main server. When the main connection is established the VPN (Virtual Private Network) software, the workstation devices connect to the main server or the VPN (Virtual Private Network) server through the secure VPN (Virtual Private Network) tunnel. The data has to travel through this tunnel first and then it proceeds further. The outer layer of the tunnel is surrounded by dangerous internet viruses. This network is fully secured because of the secure tunnel. The data is encrypted at the sender end when the data travels to the receiver it can be decrypted. When the data is sent the remote computers authenticate the data, and this is due to the secure tunnel connection. The VPN (Virtual Private Network) server provides security when the ISPs provide you with an unsecured internet connection. The data cannot be read by the other due to strong encryption and decryption modes. VPN (Virtual Private Network) ensures that all data travels through the tunnel before reaching to the remote computers

NETWORKING CONCEPT FOR General Knowledge Mark It

Difference in Hub, Switch, Bridge, & Router

In an ethernet network there are 4 devices that from the the outside look very similar. In this article we will look at the difference between hubs, switches, bridges, and routers.

Hub

A hub is the simplest of these devices. Any data packet coming from one port is sent to all other ports. It is then up to the receiving computer to decide if the packet is for it. Imagine packets going through a hub as messages going into a mailing list. The mail is sent out

to everyone and it is up to the receiving party to decide if it is of interest.

The biggest problem with hubs is their simplicity. Since every packet is sent out to every computer on the network, there is a lot of wasted transmission. This means that the network can easily become bogged down.

Hubs are typically used on small networks where the amount of data going across the network is never very high.

Bridge

Bridge device filters data traffic at a Network boundry.It Reduce the amount of traffic on LAN by deviding it into 2 segments. A bridge goes one step up on a hub in that it looks at the destination of the packet before sending. If the destination address is not on the other side of the bridge it will not transmit the data.

A bridge only has one incoming and one outgoing port.

To build on the email analogy above, the bridge is allowed to decide if the message should continue on. It reads the address bob@smith.com and

decides if there is a bob@smith.com on the other side. If there isn’t, the message will not be transmitted.

Bridges are typically used to separate parts of a network that do not need to communicate regularly, but still need to be connected.

Switch

A switch steps up on a bridge in that it has multiple ports. When a packet comes through a switch it is read to determine which computer to send the data to.

This leads to increased efficiency in that packets are not going to computers that do not require them.

Now the email analogy has multiple people able to send email to multiple users. The switch can decide where to send the mail based on the address.

Most large networks use switches rather than hubs to connect computers within

the same subnet.

Router

A router is similar in a switch in that it forwards packets based on address. But, instead of the MAC address that a switch uses, a router can use the IP address. This allows the network to go across different protocols.

The most common home use for routers is to share a broadband internet connection. The router has a public IP address and that address is shared with the network. When data comes through the router it is forwarded to the correct computer.

This comparison to email gets a little off base. This would be similar to the router being able to receive a packet as email and sending it to the user as a fax.

Interview Help about Stored Procedures for ASP.Net Programmers

What are Stored Procedures?

SPs are an advanced feature in SQL server that offers you to create, compile and run SQL statements in the server itself, to isolate your business logic from data logic and to improve the performance of your application.
In short, write SQL queries in a specific format in the SQL server and call them from your application, instead of writing queries inside your program code.

Why write Stored procedures?

1.Mainly to increase the performance and the momentum to our programs. When you write a stored procedure, it will be pre-compiled by the SQL server, so that it can increase the speed of executing the queries and hence your application. When you write a stored procedure the database(DB) server automatically generates an execution plan for the procedure. The plan will be updated whenever a change is made in the procedure by the DB server.

2.You can take away all your SQL commands so that the data logic can be isolated from your business logic(ie.,Coding). This kind of encapsulation helps the web server to read and interpret lengthy and complex SQL commands.

3.Then like COM, stored procedures can be reused. For example if you want to do the same query in two different ASP pages or in VB forms, you can reuse the stored procedure which you have written for one page, It saves you time.

4.The application code as well as the stored procedure code are becoming easy to maintain. Updating a stored procedure may not affect the other part of an application or user who uses the same stored procedure.

5.The queries can be customized by using input/output parameters, like functions and procedures which you write in your programming languages.